湿地鸟类是湿地野生动物中最具代表性的类群,是湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,灵敏和深刻地反映着湿地环境的变迁。
据统计,目前我国有湿地水鸟12目32科271种,其中属国家重点保护的水鸟有10目18科56种,属国家保护的有益或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的水鸟有10目25科195种。按居留型可分为夏候鸟、冬候鸟、留鸟和旅鸟4类,其中大部分是候鸟和旅鸟。在亚洲57种濒危鸟类中,中国湿地内就有31种,占54%;全世界鹤类有15种,中国有记录的就有9种,占60%;全世界雁鸭类有166种,中国湿地就有50种,占30%。
我国湿地水鸟的分布是与各地的气候、水文、植被等自然地理特点相适应的。北方处于寒温带和温带,种类以夏候鸟和旅鸟占优势;南方处于亚热带和热带,种类以冬候鸟和留鸟占优势。很多水鸟都是在北方繁殖,到南方越冬。
| 序号 | 中文名 | 学名 | 英文名 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 潜鸟目 gaviiformes | |||
| 潜鸟科 gaviidae (4) | |||
| 1 | 红喉潜鸟 | gavia stellata | red-throated diver |
| 2 | 太平洋潜鸟 | gavia pacifica | pacific diver |
| 3 | 黑喉潜鸟 | gavia arctica | black-throated diver |
| 4 | 白嘴潜鸟 | gavia adamsii | white-billed diver |
| 䴙䴘目 podicipediformes | |||
| 䴙䴘科 podicipedidae (5) | |||
| 5 | 小䴙䴘 | tachybaptus ruficollis | little grebe |
| 6 | 角䴙䴘 | podiceps auritus | horned grebe |
| 7 | 黑颈䴙䴘 | podiceps nigricollis | black-necked grebe |
| 8 | 凤头䴙䴘 | podiceps cristatus | great crestedgrebe |
| 9 | 赤颈䴙䴘 | podiceps grisegena | red-necked grebe |
| 鹱形目 procellariiformes | |||
| 信天翁科 diomedeidae(2) | |||
| 10 | 短尾信天翁 | diomedea albatrus | short-tailedalbatross |
| 11 | 黑脚信天翁 | diomedea nigripes | black-footed albatross |
| 鹱科 procellariidae(8) | |||
| 12 | 暴风鹱 | fulmarus glacialis | pacific fulmar |
| 13 | 白额鹱 | puffinus leucomelas | white-frontedshearwater |
| 14 | 曳尾鹱 | puffinus pacificus | wedge-tailed shearwater |
| 15 | 灰鹱 | puffinus griseus | grey shearwater |
| 16 | 短尾鹱 | puffinus tenuirostris | short-tailedshearwater |
| 17 | 钩嘴圆尾鹱 | pterodroma rostrata | t ahiti petrel |
| 18 | 点额圆尾鹱 | pterodroma hypoleuca | bonin petrel |
| 19 | 纯褐鹱 | bulweria bulwerii | bulwer's petrel |
| 海燕科 hydrobatidae(2) | |||
| 20 | 白腰叉尾海燕 | oceanodroma leucorhoa | fork-tailed storm petrel |
| 21 | 黑叉尾海燕 | oceanodroma monorhis | swinhoe's storm petrel |
| 鹈形目 pelacaniformes | |||
| 鸏科 phaethontidae(3) | |||
| 22 | 短尾鸏 | phaethon aethereus | short-tailed tropic-bird |
| 23 | 红尾鸏 | phaethon rubricauda | red-tailed tropic-bird |
| 24 | 白尾鸏 | phaethon lepturus | long-tailed tropic-bird |
| 鹈鹕科 pelecanidae (2) | |||
| 25 | 白鹈鹕 | pelecanus onocrotalus | eastern white pelican |
| 26 | 斑嘴鹈鹕 | pelecanus philippensis | spot-billed pelican |
| 鲣鸟科 sulidae(2) | |||
| 27 | 红脚鲣鸟 | sula sula | red-footed booby |
| 28 | 褐鲣鸟 | sula leucogaster | brown booby |
| 鸬鹚科 phalacrocoracidae (5) | |||
| 29 | [普通]鸬鹚 | phalacrocorax carbo | common cormorant |
| 30 | 斑头(绿)鸬鹚 | phalacrocorax capillatus | temminck's cormorant |
| 31 | 海鸬鹚 | phalacrocorax pelagicus | sea cormorant |
| 32 | 红脸鸬鹚 | phalacrocorax urile | red-faced cormorant |
| 33 | 黑颈鸬鹚 | phalacrocorax niger | little cormorant |
| 军舰鸟科 fregatidae(3) | |||
| 34 | 小军舰鸟 | fregata minor | lesser frigate bird |
| 35 | 白腹军舰鸟 | fregata andrwsi | christmas island frigate bird |
| 36 | 白斑军舰鸟 | fregata ariel | least frigate bird |
| 鹳形目 ciconiiformes | |||
| 鹭科 ardeidae (21) | |||
| 37 | 苍鹭 | ardea cinerea | grey heron |
| 38 | 草鹭 | ardea purpurea | purple heron |
| 39 | 绿鹭 | butorides striatus | little green heron |
| 40 | 池鹭 | ardeola bacchus | chinese pond heron |
| 41 | 牛背鹭 | bubulcus ibis | cattle egret |
| 42 | 白颈黑鹭 | egretta picata | pied heron |
| 43 | 大白鹭 | egretta alba | large egret |
| 44 | 白鹭 | egretta garzetta | little egret |
| 45 | 黄嘴白鹭 | egretta eulophotes | chinese egret |
| 46 | 岩鹭 | egretta sacra | reef heron |
| 47 | 中白鹭 | egretta intermedia | intermediate egret |
| 48 | 夜鹭 | nycticorax nycticorax | black-crowned night heron |
| 49 | 栗头虎斑鳽 | gorsachius goisagi | brown night heron |
| 50 | 海南虎斑鳽 | gorsachius magnificus | chinese night heron |
| 51 | 黑冠虎斑鳽 | gorsachius melanolophus | malay night heron |
| 52 | 小苇鳽 | ixobrychus minutus | little bittern |
| 53 | 黄苇鳽 | ixobrychus sinensis | yellow bittern |
| 54 | 紫背苇鳽 | ixobrychus eurhythmus | schrenck's bittern |
| 55 | 栗苇鳽 | ixobrychus cinnamomeus | cinnamon bittern |
| 56 | 黑鳽 | ixobrychus flavicollis | black bittern |
| 57 | 大麻鳽 | botaurus stellaris | great bittern |
| 鹳科 ciconiidae (5) | |||
| 58 | 彩鹳 | mycteria leucocephalus | painted stork |
| 59 | 白鹳 | ciconia ciconia | white stork |
| 60 | 东方白鹳 | ciconia boyciana | oriental white stork |
| 61 | 黑鹳 | ciconia nigra | black stork |
| 62 | 秃鹳 | leptoptilos javanicus | lesser adjutant stork |
| 鹮科 threskiornithidae (6) | |||
| 63 | [黑头]白鹮 | threskiornis melanocephalus | white ibis |
| 64 | 黑鹮 | pseudibis papillosa | black ibis |
| 65 | 朱鹮 | nipponia nippon | crested ibis |
| 66 | 彩鹮 | plegadis falcinella | glossy ibis |
| 67 | 白琵鹭 | platalea leucorodia | white spoonbill |
| 68 | 黑脸琵鹭 | platalea minor | black-faced spoonbill |
| 雁形目anseriformes | |||
| 鸭科 anatidae (47) | |||
| 69 | 黑雁 | branta bernicla | brant goose |
| 70 | 红胸黑雁 | branta ruficollis | red-breasted goose |
| 71 | 鸿雁 | anser cygnoides | swan goose |
| 72 | 豆雁 | anser fabalis | bean goose |
| 73 | 白额雁 | anser albifrons | white-fronted goose |
| 74 | 小白额雁 | anser erythropus | lesser white-fronted goose |
| 75 | 灰雁 | anser anser | greylag goose |
| 76 | 斑头雁 | anser indicus | bar-headed goose |
| 77 | 雪雁 | anser caerulescens | snow goose |
| 78 | 大天鹅 | cygnus cygnus | whooper swan |
| 79 | 小天鹅 | cygnus columbianus | whistling swan |
| 80 | 疣鼻天鹅 | cygnus olor | mute swan |
| 81 | [栗]树鸭 | dendrocygna javanica | lesser whistling teal |
| 82 | 赤麻鸭 | tadorna ferruginea | ruddy shelduck |
| 83 | 翘鼻麻鸭 | tadorna tadorna | common shelduck |
| 84 | 针尾鸭 | anas acuta | pintail |
| 85 | 绿翅鸭 | anas crecca | common teal |
| 86 | 花脸鸭 | anas formosa | baikal teal |
| 87 | 罗纹鸭 | anas falcata | falcated teal |
| 88 | 绿头鸭 | anas platyrhynchos | mallard |
| 89 | 斑嘴鸭 | anas poecilorhyncha | spotbill duck |
| 90 | 赤膀鸭 | anas strepera | gadwall |
| 91 | 赤颈鸭 | anas penelope | wigeon |
| 92 | 白眉鸭 | anas querquedula | garganey |
| 93 | 琵嘴鸭 | anas clypeata | shoveller |
| 94 | 云石斑鸭 | marmaronetta angustirostris | marbled teal |
| 95 | 赤嘴潜鸭 | netta rufina | red-crested pochard |
| 96 | 帆背潜鸭 | aythya valisineria | canvasback |
| 97 | 红头潜鸭 | aythya ferina | common pochard |
| 98 | 白眼潜鸭 | aythya nyroca | white-eyed pochard |
| 99 | 青头潜鸭 | aythya baeri | baer's pochard |
| 100 | 凤头潜鸭 | aythya fuligula | tufted duck |
| 101 | 斑背潜鸭 | aythya marila | scaup duck |
| 102 | 鸳鸯 | aix galericulata | mandarin duck |
| 103 | 棉凫 | nettapus coromandelianus | cotton teal |
| 104 | 瘤鸭 | sarkidiornis melanotos | comb duck |
| 105 | 小绒鸭 | polysticta stelleri | steller's eider |
| 106 | 黑海番鸭 | melanitta nigra | black scoter |
| 107 | 斑脸海番鸭 | melanitta fusca | white-winged scoter |
| 108 | 丑鸭 | histrionicus histrionicus | harlequin duck |
| 109 | 长尾鸭 | clangula hyemalis | long-tailed duck |
| 110 | 鹊鸭 | bucephala clangula | goldeneye |
| 111 | 白头硬尾鸭 | oxyura leucocephala | white-headed duck |
| 112 | 斑头秋沙鸭 | mergus albellus | smew |
| 113 | 中华秋沙鸭 | mergus squamatus | chinese merganser |
| 114 | 红胸秋沙鸭 | mergus serrator | red-breastedmerganser |
| 115 | 普通秋沙鸭 | mergus merganser | goosander |
| 隼形目falconiformes | |||
| 鹰科accipitridat(1) | |||
| 116 | 鹗 | pandion haliatus | osprey |
| 鹤形目gruiformes | |||
| 鹤科gruidae (9) | |||
| 117 | 灰鹤 | grus grus | common crane |
| 118 | 黑颈鹤 | grus nigricollis | black-necked crane |
| 119 | 白头鹤 | grus monacha | hooded crane |
| 120 | 沙丘鹤 | grus canadensis | shandhill crane |
| 121 | 丹顶鹤 | grus japonensis | red-crowned crane |
| 122 | 白枕鹤 | grus vipio | white-naped crane |
| 123 | 白鹤 | grusleucogeranus | siberian white crane |
| 124 | 赤颈鹤 | grus antigone | sarus crane |
| 125 | 蓑羽鹤 | anthropoides virgo | demoiselle crane |
| 秧鸡科rallidae (19) | |||
| 126 | 普通秧鸡 | rallus aquaticus | water rail |
| 127 | 蓝胸秧鸡 | rallus striatus | blue-breasted banded rail |
| 128 | 红腿斑秧鸡 | rallina fasciata | red-legged crake |
| 129 | 白喉斑秧鸡 | rallina eurizonoides | banded crake |
| 130 | 长脚秧鸡 | crex crex | corn crake |
| 131 | 白眉秧鸡 | porzana cinerea | ashy crake |
| 132 | 姬田鸡 | porzana parva | little crake |
| 133 | 小田鸡 | porzana pusilla | baillon's crake |
| 134 | 斑胸田鸡 | porzana porzana | spotted crake |
| 135 | 红胸田鸡 | porzana fusca | ruddy crake |
| 136 | 斑胁田鸡 | porzana paykullii | band-beilied crake |
| 137 | 棕背田鸡 | porzana bicolor | rufous-backed crake |
| 138 | 花田鸡 | porzana exquisita | swinhoe's yellow rail |
| 139 | 红脚苦恶鸟 | amaurornis akool | brown crake |
| 140 | 白胸苦恶鸟 | amaurornis phoenicurus | white-breasted waterhen |
| 141 | 董鸡 | gallicrex cinerea | water cock |
| 142 | 黑水鸡 | gallinula chloropus | moorhen |
| 143 | 紫水鸡 | porphyrio porphyrio | purple moorhen |
| 144 | 白骨顶 | fulica atra | coot |
| 鸻形目 charadriiformes | |||
| 雉鸻科 jacanidae (2) | |||
| 145 | 铜翅水雉 | metapidius indicus | bronge-winged jacana |
| 146 | 水雉 | hydrophasianus chirurgus | pheasant-tailed jacana |
| 彩鹬科 rostratulidae (1) | |||
| 147 | 彩鹬 | rostratula benghalensis | painted snipe |
| 蛎鹬科 haematopodidae (1) | |||
| 148 | 蛎鹬 | haematopus ostralegus | oystercatcher |
| 鸻科 charadriidae (15) | |||
| 149 | 凤头麦鸡 | vanellus vanellus | lapwing |
| 150 | 灰头麦鸡 | vanellus cinereus | grey-headed lapwing |
| 151 | 肉垂麦鸡 | vanellus indicus | red-wattledlapwing |
| 152 | 距翅麦鸡 | vanellus duvaucelii | spur-winged lapwing |
| 153 | 灰斑鸻 | pluvialis squatarola | grey plover |
| 154 | 金[斑]鸻 | pluvialis dominica | eastern golden plover |
| 155 | 剑鸻 | charadrius hiaticula | ringed plover |
| 156 | 长嘴剑鸻 | charadrius placidus | long-billed ringed plover |
| 157 | 金眶鸻 | charadrius dubius | little ringed plover |
| 158 | 环颈鸻 | charadrius alexandrinus | kentish plover |
| 159 | 蒙古沙鸻 | charadrius mongolus | mongolian plover |
| 160 | 铁嘴沙鸻 | charadrius leschenaultii | large sand plover |
| 161 | 红胸鸻 | charadrius asiaticus | caspian plover |
| 162 | 东方鸻 | charadrius veredus | eastern sand plover |
| 163 | 小嘴鸻 | eudromias morinellus | dotterel |
| 鹬科 scolopacidae (48) | |||
| 164 | 小杓鹬 | numenius minutus | little whimbrel |
| 165 | 中杓鹬 | numenius phaeopus | whimbrel |
| 166 | 白腰杓鹬 | numenius arquata | curlew |
| 167 | 红腰杓鹬 | numenius madagascariensis | red-rumped curlew |
| 168 | 黑尾塍鹬 | limosa limosa | black-tailed godwit |
| 169 | 斑尾塍鹬 | limosa lapponica | bar-tailed godwit |
| 170 | 红脚鹤鹬 | tringa erythropus | spotted redshank |
| 171 | 红脚鹬 | tringa totanus | redshank |
| 172 | 泽鹬 | tringa stagnatilis | marsh sandpiper |
| 173 | 青脚鹬 | tringa nebularia | greenshank |
| 174 | 白腰草鹬 | tringa ochropus | green sandpiper |
| 175 | 林鹬 | tringa glareola | wood sandpiper |
| 176 | 小青脚鹬 | tring a guttifer | armstrong's sandpiper |
| 177 | 小黄脚鹬 | tringa flavipes | lesser yellowlegs |
| 178 | 灰鹬 | tringa incana | grey sandpiper |
| 179 | 矶鹬 | tringa hypoleucos | common sandpiper |
| 180 | 灰尾漂鹬 | heteroscelus brevipes | grey-rumped sandpiper |
| 181 | 漂鹬 | heteroscelus incanus | gery sandpiper |
| 182 | 翘嘴鹬 | xenus cinereus | terek sandpiper |
| 183 | 翻石鹬 | arenaria interpres | turnstone |
| 184 | 长嘴鹬 | limnodromus scolopaceus | long-billed dowitcher |
| 185 | 半蹼鹬 | limnodromus semipalmatus | snipe-billed godwit |
| 186 | 孤沙锥 | gallinago solitaria | solitary snipe |
| 187 | 澳南沙锥 | gallinago hardwickii | latham's snipe |
| 188 | 林沙锥 | gallinago nemoricola | wood snipe |
| 189 | 针尾沙锥 | gallinago stenura | pintail snipe |
| 190 | 大沙锥 | gallinago megala | swinhoe's snipe |
| 191 | 扇尾沙锥 | gallinago gallinago | fantail snipe |
| 192 | 丘鹬 | scolopax rusticola | woodcock |
| 193 | 姬鹬 | lymnocryptes minimus | jack snipe |
| 194 | 红腹滨鹬 | calidris canutus | red knot |
| 195 | 大滨鹬 | calidris tenuirostris | great knot |
| 196 | 红胸滨鹬 | calidris ruficollis | red-necked stint |
| 197 | 西方滨鹬 | calidris mauri | western sandpiper |
| 198 | 长趾滨鹬 | calidris subminuta | long-toed stint |
| 199 | 小滨鹬 | calidris minuta | little stint |
| 200 | 乌脚滨鹬 | calidris temminckii | temminck's stint |
| 201 | 尖尾滨鹬 | calidris acuminata | sharp-tailed stint |
| 202 | 岩滨鹬 | calidris ptilocnemis | rock sand-piper |
| 203 | 黑腹滨鹬 | calidris alpina | dunlin |
| 204 | 弯嘴滨鹬 | calidris ferruginea | curlew stint |
| 205 | 斑胸滨鹬 | calidris melanotos | pectoral sandpiper |
| 206 | 三趾滨鹬 | crocethia alba | sanderling |
| 207 | 勺嘴鹬 | eurynorhynchus pygmeus | spoon-billedsandpiper |
| 208 | 阔嘴鹬 | limicola falcinellus | broad-billed sandpiper |
| 209 | 高跷鹬 | micropalama himantopus | stilt sandpiper |
| 210 | 黄胸鹬 | tryngites subruficillis | buff-breastedsandpiper |
| 211 | 流苏鹬 | philomachus pugnax | ruff |
| 反嘴鹬科 recurvirostridae (3) | |||
| 212 | 鹮嘴鹬 | ibidorhyncha struthersii | ibis-bill |
| 213 | 黑翅长脚鹬 | himantopus himantopus | black-winged stint |
| 214 | 反嘴鹬 | recurvirostra avosetta | pied avocet |
| 瓣蹼鹬科phalaropodidae (2) | |||
| 215 | 红颈瓣蹼鹬 | phalaropus lobatus | red-necked phalarope |
| 216 | 灰瓣蹼鹬 | phalaropus fulicarius | grey phalarope |
| 石鸻科burhinidae (2) | |||
| 217 | 大石鸻 | esacus magnirostris | great stone plover |
| 218 | 石鸻 | burhinus oedicnemus | stone curlew |
| 燕鸻科 glareolidae (2) | |||
| 219 | 普通燕鸻 | glareola maldivarum | oriental pratincole |
| 220 | 灰燕鸻 | glareola lactea | small pratincole |
| 鸥形目lariformes | |||
| 贼鸥科 stercorariidae (4) | |||
| 221 | 中贼鸥 | stercorarius pomarinus | pomatorhine skua |
| 222 | 大贼鸥 | catharacta skua | great skua |
| 223 | 短尾贼鸥 | stercorarius parasiticus | short-tailed skua |
| 224 | 长尾贼鸥 | stercorarius longicaudus | long-tailed skua |
| 鸥科 laridae (33) | |||
| 225 | 黑尾鸥 | larus crassirostris | black-tailed gull |
| 226 | 海鸥 | larus canus | common gull |
| 227 | 银鸥 | larus argentatus | herring gull |
| 228 | 灰背鸥 | larus schistisagus | slaty-backed gull |
| 229 | 灰翅鸥 | larus glaucescens | glaucous-winged gull |
| 230 | 北极鸥 | larus hyperboreus | glaucous gull |
| 231 | 渔鸥 | larus ichthyaetus | great black-headed gull |
| 232 | 遗鸥 | larus relictus | relict gull |
| 233 | 红嘴鸥 | larus ridibundus | black-headed gull |
| 234 | 棕头鸥 | larus brunnicephalus | brown-headed gull |
| 235 | 细嘴鸥 | larus genei | slender-billed gull |
| 236 | 小鸥 | larus minutus | little gull |
| 237 | 黑嘴鸥 | larus saundersi | saunder's gull |
| 238 | 三趾鸥 | rissa tridactyla | blacked-leggedkittiwake |
| 239 | 楔尾鸥 | rhodostethia rosea | wedge-tailed gull |
| 240 | 须浮鸥 | chlidonias hybrida | whiskered tern |
| 241 | 白翅浮鸥 | chlidonias leucoptera | white-winged black tern |
| 242 | 黑浮鸥 | chlidonias niger | black tern |
| 243 | 鸥嘴噪鸥 | gelochelidon nilotica | gull-billed tern |
| 244 | 红嘴巨鸥 | hydroprogne caspia | caspian tern |
| 245 | 黄嘴河燕鸥 | sterna aurantia | river tern |
| 246 | 普通燕鸥 | sterna hirundo | common tern |
| 247 | 粉红燕鸥 | sterna dougallii | roseate tern |
| 248 | 黑枕燕鸥 | sterna sumatrana | black-naped tern |
| 249 | 黑腹燕鸥 | sterna melanogaster | black-bellied tern |
| 250 | 褐翅燕鸥 | sterna anaethetus | brown-winged tern |
| 251 | 乌燕鸥 | sterna fuscata | sooty tern |
| 252 | 白额燕鸥 | sterna albifrons | little tern |
| 253 | 大凤头燕鸥 | thalasseus bergii | large crested tern |
| 254 | 小凤头燕鸥 | thalasseus bengalensis | little crested tern |
| 255 | 黑嘴端凤头燕鸥 | thalasseus bernsteini | chinese lesser crested tern |
| 256 | 白顶黑燕鸥 | anous stolidus | common noddy |
| 257 | 白燕鸥 | gygis alba | white tern |
| 剪嘴鸥科rynchopidae (1) | |||
| 258 | 剪嘴鸥 | rhynchops albicollis | indian skimmer |
| 海雀科alcidae(4) | |||
| 259 | 扁嘴海雀 | synthiboramphus antiquus | ancient murrelet |
| 260 | 斑海雀 | brachyramphus marmoratus | marbled murrelet |
| 261 | 角嘴海雀 | cerorhinca monocerata | hornbilled auklet |
| 262 | 冠海雀 | synthliboraphus antiqus | crested murrelet |
| 鴞形目strigiformes | |||
| 鸱鴞科 strigidae(3) | |||
| 263 | 毛腿渔鴞 | ketupa blakistoni | blackiston's fish owl |
| 264 | 褐渔鴞 | ketupa zeylonensis | brown fish owl |
| 265 | 黄脚渔鴞 | ketupa flavipes | tawny fish owl |
| 佛法僧目coraciiformes | |||
| 翠鸟科 aleedinidae(6) | |||
| 266 | 冠鱼狗 | ceryle lugubrus | crested piedkingfisher |
| 267 | 斑鱼狗 | ceryle rudis | lesser pied kingfisher |
| 268 | 普通翠鸟 | alcedo atthis | common kingfisher |
| 269 | 赤翡翠 | halcyon coromanda | ruddy kingfisher |
| 270 | 白胸翡翠 | halcyon smyrnensis | white-breasted kingfisher |
| 271 | 篮翡翠 | halcyon pileata | black-capped kingfisher |